What is .NET Core

1. **What is .NET Core?**

   - .NET Core is like a toolbox that helps build modern computer programs that can work on different types of computers, like Windows, Mac, or Linux.

2. **Advantages of .NET Core?**

   - It's like using a super handy tool that makes building programs easier because it works on different types of computers, it's fast, open to everyone, easy to update, and lots of people know how to use it.

3. **Difference between .NET Framework and .NET Core?**

   - Think of .NET Framework as a tool that only works on Windows computers, while .NET Core is like a more flexible tool that works on Windows, Mac, and Linux. .NET Core also doesn't need as much stuff to run as .NET Framework.

4. **Difference between ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core?**

   - ASP.NET is an older way of making websites, like using an older tool, while ASP.NET Core is a newer, more modern way that's faster and works on different computers.

5. **How does dependency injection work in .NET Core?**

   - Dependency injection is like having a friend who gives you exactly what you need when you need it. In .NET Core, it's a way for parts of a program to get what they need without having to ask for it directly.

6. **Role of the Startup.cs file in .NET Core?**

   - The Startup.cs file is like the boss who decides what tools the program needs and how they should be used. It gets things ready when the program starts.

7. **Difference between middleware and filters in .NET Core?**

   - Middleware is like a helper that stands between the program and the outside world, while filters are like special helpers that change things when information goes in or out of the program.

8. **Purpose of appsettings.json file in .NET Core?**

   - It's like a list of rules and settings for the program, such as what to do when connecting to a database or what secret codes to use.

9. **Purpose of the wwwroot folder in .NET Core?**

   - It's like a storage room for files that the program needs, like pictures or styles, that anyone using the program can access easily.

10. **Difference between Razor Pages and MVC in .NET Core?**

    - Razor Pages is like an easy way of making simple websites, while MVC is a bit more complex and good for bigger projects.

different type of collections in c#

In C#, collections provide a flexible way to work with groups of objects. Let’s explore the different types of collections:

1. Indexed-Based Collections:

   • These collections allow you to access elements by their index (position). Some common indexed-based collection types include:
     • Array: A fixed-size collection of elements of the same type.
     • ArrayList: A dynamically resizable collection that can hold elements of different types.
     • List<T>: A generic list that provides type safety and dynamic resizing.
     • Queue: A first-in-first-out (FIFO) collection.
     • ConcurrentQueue<T>: A thread-safe version of the queue.
     • Stack: A last-in-first-out (LIFO) collection.
     • ConcurrentStack<T>: A thread-safe version of the stack.
     • LinkedList<T>: A doubly linked list.

2. Key-Value Pair Collections:

   • These collections store elements as key-value pairs. Each element has both a key and a value. Common key-value pair collection types include:
     • Hashtable: A non-generic collection that uses hash codes for fast lookups.
     • SortedList: A sorted version of the Hashtable.
     • SortedList<TKey, TValue>: A generic sorted collection.
     • Dictionary<TKey, TValue>: A generic dictionary with fast key-based access.
     • ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue>: A thread-safe version of the dictionary.

3. Specialized Collections:

   • These collections serve specific purposes and have unique features:
     • KeyedCollection<TKey, TItem>: Combines list and dictionary behavior, allowing access by both index and key.
     • ReadOnlyCollectionBase: Provides a base class for creating read-only collections.
     • CollectionBase: A base class for creating strongly typed collections.
     • DictionaryBase: A base class for creating custom dictionaries.

4. Strong Typing and Generics:

   • Generic collections (such as List<T>, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>, etc.) are the best solution for strong typing. They ensure type safety at compile time.
   • If your language does not support generics, you can extend abstract base classes (like CollectionBase) to create strongly typed collections.

5. LINQ with Collection Types:

   • LINQ (Language Integrated Query) allows concise and powerful querying of in-memory objects.
   • LINQ queries can filter, order, and group data, improving performance.
   • Use LINQ with any type that implements IEnumerable or IEnumerable<T>.

Remember to choose the appropriate collection type based on your specific requirements! 

What is Interface

 Definition:

"An interface in object-oriented programming is a collection of abstract methods. It defines a contract for classes that implement it, specifying the methods that must be present in those classes. Unlike classes, an interface doesn't provide any implementation for the methods; it only declares their signatures. Classes that implement an interface must provide concrete implementations for all the methods declared in the interface."

Key Points:

1. Abstract Methods:

   • "Interfaces consist of abstract methods, which are methods without a body. These methods serve as a blueprint for any class that implements the interface."

2. Contract:

   • "An interface establishes a contract between the interface and the implementing classes. It specifies what methods the implementing classes must have, but it doesn't dictate how these methods should be implemented."

3. Multiple Inheritance:

   • "One significant advantage of interfaces is that a class can implement multiple interfaces. This supports a form of multiple inheritance, allowing a class to inherit the method signatures from multiple sources."

4. Example:

   • "For instance, consider an interface Drawable with a method draw(). Any class that implements this interface must provide its own implementation of the draw() method. This ensures a consistent way of drawing for various objects."

Use in Programming:

• "Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and ensure code consistency in large codebases."
• "They are crucial in scenarios where multiple classes need to share a common set of methods without having a common base class."

When to Use Interfaces:

• "Use interfaces when you want to define a contract that multiple classes can adhere to without specifying the implementation details."
• "Interfaces are beneficial in scenarios where you want to achieve loose coupling between components in your system."

What is MVC

 Definition:

"MVC stands for Model-View-Controller, which is a design pattern widely used in software development to organize and structure code in a way that enhances modularity, maintainability, and scalability."

Breakdown of Components:

1. Model:

   • "The Model represents the application's data and business logic. It encapsulates the data-related operations and responds to requests for information from the View or updates from the Controller."

2. View:

   • "The View is responsible for presenting the data to the user. It displays the information from the Model and gathers user inputs. Views can be graphical user interfaces, web pages, or any other output representation."

3. Controller:

   • "The Controller acts as an intermediary between the Model and the View. It receives user inputs from the View, processes them by interacting with the Model, and updates the View accordingly. It manages the flow of data between the Model and the View."

Benefits:

• "MVC promotes the separation of concerns, making the codebase more modular and easier to maintain."
• "It enhances code reusability and scalability, allowing for easier updates and additions to the application."
• "Facilitates collaboration among developers, as different team members can focus on specific components without affecting others."

Real-world Example:

• "For instance, in a web application, the Model could be responsible for handling database interactions, the View for rendering HTML pages, and the Controller for managing user requests and coordinating the interaction between the Model and the View."

Ups oauth2.0 in c# get rates list || ups api integration c# || c# oauth 2.0 client example

 using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Net.Http;

using System.Text;

using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Ups1

{

    public class Program

    {

        static void Main()

        {

            string client_id = "clientid";

            string client_secret = "clientSecret";

        

            string ups_account_number = "AccountNumber"; 

            // ***** SHIPPING SERVICE AVAILABLE OPTIONS *****

            // Domestic

            // 14 = UPS Next Day Air Early

            // 01 = UPS Next Day Air

            // 13 = UPS Next Day Air Saver

            // 59 = UPS 2nd Day Air A.M.

            // 02 = UPS 2nd Day Air

            // 12 = UPS 3 Day Select

            // 03 = UPS Ground

            // International

            // 11 = UPS Standard

            // 07 = UPS Worldwide Express

            // 54 = UPS Worldwide Express Plus

            // 08 = UPS Worldwide Expedited

            // 65 = UPS Worldwide Saver

            // 96 = UPS Worldwide Express Freight

            // 82 = UPS Today Standard

            // 83 = UPS Today Dedicated Courier

            // 84 = UPS Today Intercity

            // 85 = UPS Today Express

            // 86 = UPS Today Express Saver

            // 70 = UPS Access Point Economy

            // ***** PACKAGE TYPE AVAILABLE OPTIONS *****

            // 01 = Bag, 

            // 02 = Box, 

            // 03 = Carton/Piece, 

            // 04 = Crate, 

            // 05 = Drum, 

            // 06 = Pallet/Skid, 

            // 07 = Roll, 

            // 08 = Tube, 

            // PACKAGE

            // var packages = new List<Package>();

           // packages.Add(new Package(0M, 0M, 0M, 60, 0M));

            var package_info = new

            {

                service = "59",

                package_type = "02",

                Weight = "10",

                length = "7",

                width = "4",

                height = "2",

            };

            // SHIPPER

            var shipper_info = new

            {

                account_number = ups_account_number,

                name = "fromaddressname",

                address1 = "addr1",

                address2 = "addr2",

                address3 = "",

                city = "city",

                state = "state",

                zip = "zipcode",

                country = "us",

            };

            // FROM ADDRESS

            var from_address_info = new

            {

                name = "fromaddressname",

                address1 = "addr1",

                address2 = "addr2",

                address3 = "",

                city = "city",

                state = "state",

                zip = "zipcode",

                country = "US",

            };

            // TO ADDRESS

            var to_address_info = new

            {

                name = "Thomas Jefferson",

                address1 = "931 Thomas Jefferson Parkway",

                address2 = "",

                address3 = "",

                city = "Charlottesville",

                state = "CO",

                zip = "80125",

                country = "US",

            };

            // Get Token

            var accessToken = GetToken(client_id, client_secret);

             // Use API to get price

            var totalCharges = GetShippingCost(accessToken, shipper_info, to_address_info, from_address_info, package_info);

            // Show Price

            Console.WriteLine("Total Charges: $" + totalCharges);

        }

        //static string GetToken(string client_id, string client_secret)

        //{

        //    var combineUserAndPassword = client_id + ":" + client_secret;

        //    var payload = "grant_type=client_credentials";

        //    var authorizationHeader = "Basic " + Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(combineUserAndPassword));

        //    using (var client = new HttpClient())

        //    {

        //        //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Content-Type", "application/json");

        //        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("x-merchant-id", "string");

        //        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", authorizationHeader);

        //        var response = client.PostAsync("https://wwwcie.ups.com/security/v1/oauth/token", new StringContent(payload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")).Result;

        //        var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;

        //        // Convert the JSON response string to an associative array

        //        var responseArray = JObject.Parse(result);

        //        // Extract the access token

        //        var accessToken = responseArray["access_token"].ToString();

        //        return accessToken;

        //    }

        //}

        static string GetToken(string client_id, string client_secret)

        {

            var combineUserAndPassword = client_id + ":" + client_secret;

            var payload = "grant_type=client_credentials";

            var authorizationHeader = "Basic " + Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(combineUserAndPassword));

            using (var client = new HttpClient())

            {

                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("x-merchant-id", "string");

                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", authorizationHeader);

                var content = new StringContent(payload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

                var response = client.PostAsync("https://wwwcie.ups.com/security/v1/oauth/token", content).Result;

                var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;

                // Check if the request was successful

                if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                {

                    // Handle error, log, or throw an exception

                    Console.WriteLine("Token request failed: " + result);

                    return null;

                }

                // Convert the JSON response string to an associative array

                var responseArray = JObject.Parse(result);

                // Explicitly check for null before extracting the access token

                var accessTokenTokenProperty = responseArray["access_token"];

                var accessToken = accessTokenTokenProperty != null ? accessTokenTokenProperty.ToString() : null;

                return accessToken;

            }

        }

        static decimal GetShippingCost(string accessToken, dynamic shipper_info, dynamic to_address_info, dynamic from_address_info, dynamic package_info)

        {

            var version = "v1601";

            var requestOption = "Shop";

            var query = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, string>();

            using (var client = new HttpClient())

            {

                var payload = new

                {

                    RateRequest = new

                    {

                        Request = new

                        {

                            TransactionReference = new

                            {

                                CustomerContext = "CustomerContext"//,

                                //TransactionIdentifier = "TransactionIdentifier"

                            }

                        },

                        Shipment = new

                        {

                            Shipper = new

                            {

                                Name = shipper_info.name,

                                ShipperNumber = shipper_info.account_number,

                                Address = new

                                {

                                    AddressLine = new[]

                                {

                                    shipper_info.address1,

                                    shipper_info.address2,

                                    shipper_info.address3

                                },

                                    City = shipper_info.city,

                                    StateProvinceCode = shipper_info.state,

                                    PostalCode = shipper_info.zip,

                                    CountryCode = shipper_info.country

                                }

                            },

                            ShipTo = new

                            {

                                Name = to_address_info.name,

                                Address = new

                                {

                                    AddressLine = new[]

                                {

                                    to_address_info.address1,

                                    to_address_info.address1,

                                    to_address_info.address1

                                },

                                    City = to_address_info.city,

                                    StateProvinceCode = to_address_info.state,

                                    PostalCode = to_address_info.zip,

                                    CountryCode = to_address_info.country

                                }

                            },

                            ShipFrom = new

                            {

                                Name = from_address_info.name,

                                Address = new

                                {

                                    AddressLine = new[]

                                {

                                    from_address_info.address1,

                                    from_address_info.address2,

                                    from_address_info.address3

                                },

                                    City = from_address_info.city,

                                    StateProvinceCode = from_address_info.state,

                                    PostalCode = from_address_info.zip,

                                    CountryCode = from_address_info.country

                                }

                            },

                            PaymentDetails = new

                            {

                                ShipmentCharge = new

                                {

                                    Type = "01",

                                    BillShipper = new

                                    {

                                        AccountNumber = shipper_info.account_number

                                    }

                                }

                            },

                            Service = new

                            {

                                Code = package_info.service,

                                Description = "ground"

                            },

                            NumOfPieces = "1",

                            Package = new

                            {

                                PackagingType = new

                                {

                                    Code = package_info.package_type,

                                    Description = "Packaging"

                                },

                                Dimensions = new

                                {

                                    UnitOfMeasurement = new

                                    {

                                        Code = "IN",

                                        Description = "Inches"

                                    },

                                    Length = package_info.length,

                                    Width = package_info.width,

                                    Height = package_info.height

                                },

                                PackageWeight = new

                                {

                                    UnitOfMeasurement = new

                                    {

                                        Code = "LBS",

                                        Description = "Pounds"

                                    },

                                    Weight = package_info.Weight

                                }

                            }

                        }

                    }

                };

                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);

                //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Content-Type", "application/json");

                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("transId", "string");

                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("transactionSrc", "testing");

                var response = client.PostAsync("https://wwwcie.ups.com/api/rating/v1/Rate?{ToQueryString(query)}", new StringContent(Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")).Result;

                //var response = client.PostAsync("https://wwwcie.ups.com/api/rating/{version}/{requestOption}?{ToQueryString(query)}", new StringContent(Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")).Result;

                var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;

                // Convert the JSON response string to an associative array

                var responseArray = JObject.Parse(result);

                // Extract the total charges

                var totalCharges = Convert.ToDecimal(responseArray["RateResponse"]["RatedShipment"]["TotalCharges"]["MonetaryValue"]);

                return totalCharges;

            }

        }

        static string ToQueryString(System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, string> query)

        {

            var array = query.Select(kvp => "{Uri.EscapeDataString(kvp.Key)}={Uri.EscapeDataString(kvp.Value)}").ToArray();

            return "?" + string.Join("&", array);

        }

    }

}

Note : Change your client id , Account Number and client secret and add the correct  from and to address in the above program

After token expire we will get 

this error First = {"response": {

  "errors": [

    {

      "code": "250002",

      "message": "Invalid Authentication Information."

    }

  ]

}}

boxing and unboxing

In C#, boxing and unboxing are concepts related to converting value types (such as int, char, etc.) to reference types (such as object). Let’s explore both concepts with examples:

1. Boxing:

   • Boxing is the process of converting a value type to the type object or any interface type implemented by that value type.
   • When the Common Language Runtime (CLR) boxes a value type, it wraps the value inside an object instance and stores it on the managed heap.
   • Here’s an example of boxing:

     int i = 123; // The following line boxes 'i'.
     object o = i;
     

   • In this example, the integer variable i is boxed and assigned to the object variable o.

2. Unboxing:

   • Unboxing is the process of extracting the value type from an object.
   • It converts the object back to its original value type.
   • Example of unboxing:

     o = 123; // Unboxing: extract the value from 'o' and assign it to 'i'.
     int unboxedValue = (int)o;
     

3. Practical Example:

   • Let’s create a heterogeneous collection using an ArrayList (a dynamically sized array of objects):

     ArrayList mixedList = new ArrayList();
     mixedList.Add("First Group:"); // Add a string element
     for (int j = 1; j < 5; j++)
     {
         mixedList.Add(j); // Add integers (boxing occurs)
     }
     mixedList.Add("Second Group:");
     for (int j = 5; j < 10; j++)
     {
         mixedList.Add(j);
     }
     
     // Display the elements in the list
     foreach (var item in mixedList)
     {
         Console.WriteLine(item);
     }
     
     // Calculate the sum of squares of the first group of integers
     var sum = 0;
     for (var j = 1; j < 5; j++)
     {
         sum += (int)mixedList[j] * (int)mixedList[j]; // Unboxing
     }
     Console.WriteLine($"Sum: {sum}"); // Output: Sum: 30
     

   • In this example, we box integers when adding them to the ArrayList and unbox them during the sum calculation.

Remember that boxing and unboxing have performance implications, so use them judiciously.

what is asp.net mvc framework

 The ASP.NET MVC (Model-View-Controller) framework is an architectural and design pattern used for developing web applications. Let’s break down what it entails:

1. Model: The Model component represents the data-related logic in the application. It handles data retrieval, storage, and manipulation. For instance, it can interact with a database or manage business logic.

2. View: The View component is responsible for the user interface (UI) logic. It generates the visual representation that users interact with. Views are created based on data provided by the Model, but they communicate with the Controller.

3. Controller: The Controller acts as an intermediary between the Model and the View. It processes incoming requests, manipulates data using the Model, and instructs the View on how to render the final output. The Controller doesn’t handle data logic directly; instead, it orchestrates the flow.

Here are some key points about ASP.NET MVC:

• Clean Separation: ASP.NET MVC promotes a clean separation of concerns. By dividing the application into distinct components (Model, View, and Controller), developers can manage complexity more effectively.

• Scalability and Extensibility: It’s a powerful framework for building scalable and extensible projects. Developers can create robust web applications that are easy to maintain.

• URL Control: ASP.NET MVC provides control over URLs, making it straightforward to design web application architectures with comprehensible and searchable URLs.

• Test Driven Development (TDD): The framework supports TDD, allowing developers to write tests for their code and ensure its correctness.

Overall, ASP.NET MVC is widely used in industry-standard web development and is also suitable for designing mobile apps.

Interface

1. What Is an Interface in C#?

   • An interface in C# is a fully unimplemented class used for declaring a set of operations or methods that an object must provide.
   • It serves as a pure abstract class, allowing us to define only abstract methods (methods without a body).
   • Interfaces are used to achieve multiple inheritances, which classes cannot achieve directly.
   • They also ensure full abstraction because interface methods cannot have a method body.
   • In C#, an interface is a fundamental concept defining a contract or a set of rules that a class must adhere to.
   • It specifies a list of methods, properties, events, or indexers that a class implementing the interface must provide.
   • Interfaces allow you to define a common set of functionality that multiple classes can share, promoting code reusability and ensuring a consistent structure for related classes.

2. Differences Between Concrete Class, Abstract Class, and Interface in C#:

   • Concrete Class:
     • Contains only non-abstract methods (methods with a method body).
   • Abstract Class:
     • Contains both non-abstract methods and abstract methods (methods without a method body).
   • Interface:
     • Contains only abstract methods (methods without a method body).

3. Real-World Example: Library Management System

   • Imagine building a Library Management System where you need to handle different types of library items (books, DVDs, etc.).

   • We can define an interface called ILibraryItem to specify common behavior for all library items:

     interface ILibraryItem
     {
         string Title { get; set; }
         void CheckOut(string borrower);
         void Return();
     }
     

   • Now, let’s implement this interface for specific library items:

     • Book:

       class Book : ILibraryItem
       {
           public string Title { get; set; }
       
           public void CheckOut(string borrower)
           {
               // Logic for checking out a book
           }
       
           public void Return()
           {
               // Logic for returning a book
           }
       }
       

     • DVD:

       class DVD : ILibraryItem
       {
           public string Title { get; set; }
       
           public void CheckOut(string borrower)
           {
               // Logic for checking out a DVD
           }
       
           public void Return()
           {
               // Logic for returning a DVD
           }
       }
       

   • By using the ILibraryItem interface, we ensure that all library items adhere to the same contract, allowing consistent handling across different types of items.

   • Interfaces promote code reusability, maintainability, and a consistent structure for related classes. 

Remember, interfaces provide a powerful way to define contracts and encourage good design practices in your C# code!